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United States citizen

  • 1 United States citizen

    n.
    • estadounidense s.m.

    English-spanish dictionary > United States citizen

  • 2 United States

    n.
    • Estados Unidos s.m.pl.
    noun (usu + sing vb)

    the United States — los Estados Unidos; (before n) <citizen, forces> estadounidense, (norte)americano, de los Estados Unidos

    * * *
    noun (usu + sing vb)

    the United States — los Estados Unidos; (before n) <citizen, forces> estadounidense, (norte)americano, de los Estados Unidos

    English-spanish dictionary > United States

  • 3 Consular Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Consular Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America

  • 4 natural child

    A natural child born to United States citizen parents while those parents are outside the United States is a United States citizen under most circumstances. — Ребенок, родившийся у граждан США во время их отсутствия в США, считается в большинстве случаев гражданином США.

    Ant:
    2) общ. = illegitimate child
    * * *

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > natural child

  • 5 USCIS

    1) Общая лексика: US Citizenship and Immigration Services

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > USCIS

  • 6 estadounidense

    estadounidense adjetivo American, US ( before n) ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino American
    estadounidense
    I adjetivo United States, American
    II mf United States citizen, American ' estadounidense' also found in these entries: Spanish: billón - norteamericano English: American - AP - ASPCA - GI - sophomore - USA

    English-spanish dictionary > estadounidense

  • 7 Taylor, David Watson

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 4 March 1864 Louisa County, Virginia, USA
    d. 29 July 1940 Washington, DC, USA
    [br]
    American hydrodynamicist and Rear Admiral in the United States Navy Construction Corps.
    [br]
    Taylor's first years were spent on a farm in Virginia, but at the age of 13 he went to RandolphMacon College, graduating in 1881, and from there to the US Naval Academy, Annapolis. He graduated at the head of his class, had some sea time, and then went to the Royal Naval College in Greenwich, England, where in 1888 he again came top of the class with the highest-ever marks of any student, British or overseas.
    On his return to the United States he held various posts as a constructor, ending this period at the Mare Island Navy Yard in California. In 1894 he was transferred to Washington, where he joined the Bureau of Construction and started to interest the Navy in ship model testing. Under his direction, the first ship model tank in the United States was built at Washington and for fourteen years operated under his control. The work of this establishment gave him the necessary information to write the highly acclaimed text The Speed and Power of Ships, which with revisions is still in use. By the outbreak of the First World War he was one of the world's most respected naval architects, and had been retained as a consultant by the British Government in the celebrated case of the collision between the White Star Liner Olympic and HMS Hawke.
    In December 1914 Taylor became a Rear-Admiral and was appointed Chief Constructor of the US Navy. His term of office was extremely stressful, with over 1,000 ships constructed for the war effort and with the work of the fledgling Bureau for Aeronautics also under his control. The problems were not over in 1918 as the Washington Treaty required drastic pruning of the Navy and a careful reshaping of the defence force.
    Admiral Taylor retired from active service at the beginning of 1923 but retained several consultancies in aeronautics, shipping and naval architecture. For many years he served as consultant to the ship-design company now known as Gibbs and Cox. Many honours came his way, but the most singular must be the perpetuation of his name in the David Taylor Medal, the highest award of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers in the United States. Similarly, the Navy named its ship test tank facility, which was opened in Maryland in 1937, the David W. Taylor Model Basin.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 1925–7. United States Distinguished Service Medal. American Society of Civil Engineers John Fritz Medal. Institution of Naval Architects Gold Medal 1894 (the first American citizen to receive it). Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers David W.Taylor Medal 1936 (the first occasion of this award).
    Bibliography
    Resistance of Ships and Screw Propulsion. 1911, The Speed and Power of Ships, New York: Wiley.
    Taylor gave many papers to the Maritime Institutions of both the United States and the United Kingdom.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Taylor, David Watson

  • 8 political right

    1)
    а) юр. политическое право (право на какие-л. действия в политической сфере, напр., избирательное право, право оценивать работу чиновников, право принимать участие в государственных решениях, право на гражданство, свобода демонстраций и собраний и т. п.)

    the progress and decline of political rights and civil liberties in nations — развитие и деградация политических прав и гражданских свобод в различных странах

    Freedom of expression can especially be seen as both a liberal and a political right.

    Syn:
    See:
    б) соц., пол., юр. политические права (в типологии Т. Х. Маршалла право избирать и быть избранным на политический пост в ходе свободных выборов)
    See:
    2) пол. правые (о лицах, придерживающихся консервативных политических взглядов)

    the political right seeks to cut taxes to shrink the public sphere — правые добиваются снижения налогов с целью сокращения государственной сферы

    In the 1970s, it appeared that the political right in the United States was isolated and irrelevant. — В 1970-х гг. казалось, что правые в американской политике оказались изолированными и непопулярными.

    It does not matter if you are on the political left or the political right. — Не имеет значения, относитесь вы к левым или к правым.

    Syn:
    right 4)
    * * *

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > political right

  • 9 McCarran-Walter Act

    Закон об иммиграции и гражданстве 1952 [Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]. Устанавливал иммиграционные квоты и запрещал иммиграцию членов коммунистических и фашистских организаций. Ограничения по расовому признаку для иммиграции в США были ликвидированы, но иммиграционные квоты для выходцев из некоторых государств устанавливались на низком уровне (по 100 человек в год для каждой из азиатских стран), на основании переписи населения США [ census] 1920. Давал генеральному прокурору США [ Attorney General of the United States] право депортации натурализованных граждан [ naturalized citizen]. Конгресс [ Congress, U.S.] принял закон, преодолев вето президента Г. Трумэна [ Truman, Harry S.], который счел закон дискриминационным. Назван по имени двух авторов законопроекта - сенатора П. Маккарена [ McCarran, Patrick Anthony] и конгрессмена Ф. Уолтера [Walter, Francis]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > McCarran-Walter Act

  • 10 Naval Academy, U.S.

    Высшее военно-морское учебное заведение по подготовке офицеров для ВМС США [ Navy, U.S.] и Морской пехоты [ Marine Corps, U.S.]. Находится в г. Аннаполисе, шт. Мэриленд. Основано в 1845 как военно-морская школа [Naval School], переименовано в 1850. С 1976 принимаются девушки. Выпускники получают диплом бакалавра наук [ Bachelor of Science] и звание энсина [ Ensign] или второго лейтенанта [ Second Lieutenant] (для военно-морской авиации). Около 4,5 тыс. кадетов. Преподавательский состав состоит как из военных, так и гражданских лиц. Кандидаты для поступления в академию должны быть гражданами США [ citizen, U.S.] и иметь рекомендацию от одного из высших должностных лиц государства (65 человек получают ее от президента США). Городок [ campus] академии расположен на берегу р. Северн [Severn River]. Музей академии [U.S. Naval Academy Museum] известен богатой коллекцией экспонатов по истории флота. Там же находятся ростральная колонна "Монумент Триполи" [Tripoli Monument], зал Махэн-холл [Mahan Hall, Mahan, Alfred Thayer], часовня с могилой Дж. Джонса [ Jones, John Paul]
    тж United States Naval Academy

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Naval Academy, U.S.

  • 11 oath of allegiance

    Обязательный элемент принятия гражданства США [ naturalization]. Присягающий вслед за секретарем суда повторяет текст присяги: "Настоящим я клятвенно заверяю, что я абсолютно и полностью отрекаюсь от верности и преданности любому иностранному монарху, властителю, государству или суверенной власти, подданным или гражданином которого я был до сих пор; что я буду соблюдать и защищать Конституцию и законы Соединенных Штатов Америки против всех их врагов, внешних и внутренних,... что я буду верным и преданным гражданином Соединенных Штатов Америки; что я принимаю это обязательство свободно, без какой-либо невысказанной оговорки и не для того, чтобы уклоняться от его соблюдения. Да поможет мне Бог". ["I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, of whom I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic;... that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion: so help me God"]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > oath of allegiance

  • 12 participatory democracy

    полит
    Прямое участие граждан и их организаций в принятии решений на государственном уровне, в частности путем проведения маршей, демонстраций, сидячих забастовок. Хотя механизм такого участия и не предусмотрен Конституцией США [ Constitution of the United States], он заложен в ряде законодательных актов. Примером могут служить публичные слушания [(public) hearing] с участием общественности и законодателей. Исторические принципы "демократии прямого участия" [direct democracy] в США берут свое начало в городских собраниях [ town meeting] и чаще всего применяются на уровне местного самоуправления. С 1960-х этот принцип стал проводиться в жизнь "новыми левыми" [ New Left], когда они выступили за контроль над местными органами власти со стороны граждан

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > participatory democracy

  • 13 thick and fast

    «Толсто и быстро». Эта фраза используется как наречие со значением «в большом количестве», «как из рога изобилия», «потоком». Она вошла в употребление в XVIII в. и отражает тенденцию в английском языке использовать слова парами, что придаёт выражению колорит и образность.

    At the end of the war honours and awards came thick and fast: honorary doctorates from universities all over the world, medals, titles, presentations, trophies. He was even made an honorary citizen of the United States of America. — В конце войны отличия и награды потекли потоком: почётные членства в университетах различных стран, медали, титулы, призы, подарки. Его даже сделали почётным гражданином США.

    English-Russian dictionary of expressions > thick and fast

  • 14 sure

    I adv infml esp AmE

    "Can you do it?" "I sure can" — "Ты сможешь это сделать?" - "Еще бы не смочь"

    "Are you a citizen of the United States of America?" "I sure am" — "Вы гражданин США?" - "Точно так"

    That meat was sure tough — Да, это мясо было жестковато

    That's sure pretty — Отлично, не правда ли?

    He sure is tall — Он действительно высокий парень, ничего не скажешь

    II interj infml esp AmE
    1)

    "Will you help me?" "Sure!" — "Ты мне поможешь?" - "Ну конечно!"

    2)

    "Can you give me a ride home?" "Sure!" — "Ты не подбросишь меня до дома?" - "Охотно!"

    The new dictionary of modern spoken language > sure

  • 15 Henson, William Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 3 May 1812 Nottingham, England
    d. 22 March 1888 New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    English (naturalized American) inventor who patented a design for an "aerial steam carriage" and combined with John Stringfellow to build model aeroplanes.
    [br]
    William Henson worked in the lacemaking industry and in his spare time invented many mechanical devices, from a breech-loading cannon to an ice-machine. It could be claimed that he invented the airliner, for in 1842 he prepared a patent (granted in 1843) for an "aerial steam carriage". The patent application was not just a vague outline, but contained detailed drawings of a large monoplane with an enclosed fuselage to accommodate the passengers and crew. It was to be powered by a steam engine driving two pusher propellers aft of the wing. Henson had followed the lead give by Sir George Cayley in his basic layout, but produced a very much more advanced structural design with cambered wings strengthened by streamlined bracing wires: the intended wing-span was 150 ft (46 m). Henson probably discussed the design of the steam engine and boiler with his friend John Stringfellow (who was also in the lacemaking industry). Stringfellow joined Henson and others to found the Aerial Transit Company, which was set up to raise the finance needed to build Henson's machine. A great publicity campaign was mounted with artists' impressions of the "aerial steam carriage" flying over London, India and even the pyramids. Passenger-carrying services to India and China were proposed, but the whole project was far too optimistic to attract support from financiers and the scheme foundered. Henson and Stringfellow drew up an agreement in December 1843 to construct models which would prove the feasibility of an "aerial machine". For the next five years they pursued this aim, with no real success. In 1848 Henson and his wife emigrated to the United States to further his career in textiles. He became an American citizen and died there at the age of 75.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Henson's diary is preserved by the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences in the USA. Henson's patent of 1842–3 is reproduced in Balantyne and Pritchard (1956) and Davy (1931) (see below).
    Further Reading
    H.Penrose, 1988, An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow, Shrewsbury.
    A.M.Balantyne and J.L.Pritchard, 1956, "The lives and work of William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (an attempt to analyse conflicting evidence; includes a reproduction of Henson's patent).
    M.J.B.Davy, 1931, Henson and Stringfellow, London (an earlier work with excellent drawings from Henson's patent).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Henson, William Samuel

  • 16 Tesla, Nikola

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatia
    d. 7 January 1943 New York, USA
    [br]
    Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.
    [br]
    While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.
    The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.
    After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.
    Bibliography
    1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).
    1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).
    1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    M.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).
    T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Tesla, Nikola

  • 17 Yourkevitch, Vladimir Ivanovitch

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 17 June 1885 Moscow, Russia
    d. 14 December 1964 USA
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American) naval architect who worked in Russia, Western Europe and the United States and who profoundly influenced the hull design of large ships.
    [br]
    Yourkevitch came from an academic family, but one without any experience or tradition of sea service. Despite this he decided to become a naval architect, and after secondary education at Moscow and engineering training at the St Petersburg Polytechnic, he graduated in 1909. For the following ten years he worked designing battleships and later submarines, mostly at the Baltic Shipyard in St Petersburg. Around 1910 he became a full member of the Russian Naval Constructors Corps, and in 1915 he was a founder member and first Scientific Secretary of the Society of Naval Engineers.
    Using the published data of the American Admiral D.W. Taylor and taking advantage of access to the Norddeutscher Lloyd Testing Tank at Bremerhaven, Yourkevitch proposed a new hull form with bulbous bow and long entrances and runs. This was the basis for the revolutionary battleships then laid down at St Petersburg, the "Borodino" class. Owing to the war these ships were launched but never completed. At the conclusion of the war Yourkevitch found himself in Constantinople, where he experienced the life of a refugee, and then he moved to Paris where he accepted almost any work on offer. Fortunately in 1928, through an introduction, he was appointed a draughtsman at the St Nazaire shipyard. Despite his relatively lowly position, he used all his personality to persuade the French company to alter the hull form of the future record breaker Normandie. The gamble paid off and Yourkevitch was able to set up his own naval architecture company, BECNY, which designed many well-known liners, including the French Pasteur.
    In 1939 he settled in North America, becoming a US citizen in 1945. On the night of the fire on the Normandie, he was in New York but was prevented from going close to the ship by the police, and the possibility of saving the ship was thrown away. He was involved in many projects as well as lecturing at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He maintained connections with his technical colleagues in St Petersburg in the later years of his life. His unfulfilled dream was the creation of a superliner to carry 5,000 passengers and thus able to make dramatic cuts in the cost of transatlantic travel. Yourkevitch was a fine example of a man whose vision enabled him to serve science and engineering without consideration of inter-national boundaries.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    AK/FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Yourkevitch, Vladimir Ivanovitch

  • 18 exempt payee

    "An individual or entity that has no tax liability under US tax laws because they are not a citizen, resident alien, or an organization created or organized under the laws of the United States."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > exempt payee

  • 19 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

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